Chronic kidney disease, also known as CKD, is a gradual loss of kidney function over time. The kidneys are two bean-shaped organs located near the middle of the back and below the rib cage. Their main function is to filter excess fluid and waste from the bloodstream. Specifically, the two main jobs of the kidneys are to remove waste from the body through urine and help regulate blood pressure by controlling fluid levels.
When the kidneys become damaged or diseased, they are no longer able to filter the blood properly. Over time, harmful waste products and excess fluid build up in the bloodstream. CKD moves through five progressive stages of severity and can ultimately lead to kidney failure if left untreated. Millions of people worldwide have CKD, though many are unaware of their condition in early stages. Some common causes of CKD include diabetes, high blood pressure, glomerulonephritis, and polycystic kidney disease.
Medication Options for CKD
There is currently no cure for chronic kidney disease, but various medications can help treat symptoms and slow disease progression. The specific drug regimen depends on the underlying cause and stage of CKD. Common medication classes used in chronic kidney disease management include:
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs): These drugs work to lower blood pressure and protect the kidneys from further damage. ACE inhibitors and ARBs are often first-line treatment for hypertension and proteinuria associated with CKD. Some popular options are lisinopril, ramipril, Losartan and valsartan.
Diuretics (“water pills”): Diuretics help control fluid retention and prevent edema (swelling) by increasing urine output. Common diuretics prescribed for Chronic Kidney Disease Drugs are furosemide, torsemide, and metolazone.
Erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs): In later stages of CKD, the kidneys produce less erythropoietin, the hormone needed for red blood cell production. ESAs like epoetin alfa and darbepoetin alfa can treat anemia caused by low erythropoietin levels.
Phosphate binders: High phosphate levels are dangerous for people with kidney disease and can lead to bone disease. Medications like calcium carbonate, sevelamer, and lanthanum carbonate work by binding dietary phosphate in the gut to prevent absorption.
Vitamin D sterols: These medications regulate calcium and phosphate to maintain strong bones. Calcitriol, doxercalciferol, and paricalcitol all serve the purpose of a vitamin D hormone that the damaged kidneys cannot provide.
Treatment with Chronic Kidney Disease Drugs
Along with primary medications to manage CKD itself, people may need additional drugs to treat complications that arise due to declining kidney function. Two major ones are anemia and bone disease.
Anemia: Defined as low red blood cell counts, anemia is very common in CKD due to decreased erythropoietin production and iron deficiency. Beyond ESAs, oral or intravenous iron supplements may be required to boost iron stores. Rare blood transfusions are also an option in severe cases.
Bone disease: When abnormal mineral metabolism throws calcium and phosphate levels off balance, it causes renal osteodystrophy – a weakening and deformity of the bones. To prevent fractures, some may take calcium and vitamin D supplements (on top of binders already listed). Bisphosphonates like alendronate have also shown benefit in reducing bone turnover and loss.
Other Considerations
Those with chronic kidney disease drugs also commonly struggle with high cholesterol, acidosis, potassium imbalance, sleep problems, appetite loss, nausea and more. Additional medications may include statins, potassium binders, sodium bicarbonate, anti-emetics, and sleep aids. Dialysis or transplant may become necessary treatment options at later stages when kidneys can no longer sustain life. Close monitoring of lab tests and medication management with a nephrologist are crucial for kidney patients. With proper care, drugs exist to alleviate symptoms and allow those with CKD to live as comfortably as possible.
Get more insights on Chronic Kidney Disease Drugs
Explore more insights on Healthcare Reimbursement Market
Unlock More Insights—Explore the Report in the Language You Prefer
About Author:
Ravina Pandya, Content Writer, has a strong foothold in the market research industry. She specializes in writing well-researched articles from different industries, including food and beverages, information and technology, healthcare, chemical and materials, etc.